Question 1:
Transplantation of tissues/organs to some patients often fails due to rejection of such tissues/organs by the body of the patient. Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?
Question 2:
The decrease in the T-Lymphocytes count in human blood will finally result in
Question 3:
The following information is about drugs and tobacco. Select the correct statement from the options given below.
Question 4:
Which one of the following immune system components does not correctly match with its respective role ?
Question 5:
A characteristic property that distinguishes a malignant tumor from a benign tumor is:
Question 6:
Colostrum secreted by the mother's mammary glands in a human female during the initial days of lactation is rich in antibody :
Question 7:
Colostrum secreted by the mother's mammary glands in a human female during the initial days of lactation is rich in antibody :
Question 8:
Colostrum secreted by the mother's mammary glands in a human female during the initial days of lactation is rich in antibody :
Question 9:
In which of the following human diseases does the body's self-defence mechanism attack self-cells?
Question 10:
The technique for the early detection of a disease based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction is :
Question 11:
Interferons are proteins secreted by
Question 12:
Assertion (A): Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for causing infectious disease in human beings.
Reason (R) : A healthy person acquires the infection by inhaling the aerosols released by an infected person.
Reason (R) : A healthy person acquires the infection by inhaling the aerosols released by an infected person.
Question 13:
Assertion (A): In humans, filariasis is characteried by inflammation in the lower limbs.
Reason (R): Filarial worm usually lives in the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs.
Reason (R): Filarial worm usually lives in the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs.
Question 14:
Assertion (A): A person infected with malaria suffers from chill and high fever, recurring every three or four days.
Reason (R): The parasite attacks the RBC resulting in their rupture and release of haemozoin.
Reason (R): The parasite attacks the RBC resulting in their rupture and release of haemozoin.
Question 15:
**Assertion (A):** AIDS is a syndrome caused by HIV.
**Reason (R):** HIV is a virus that damages the immune system with DNA as its genetic material.
**Reason (R):** HIV is a virus that damages the immune system with DNA as its genetic material.
Question 16:
How are morphine and heroin related? Mention their effect on the human body.
Question 17:
(A) Describe any two situations where a medical doctor would recommend injection of a pre-formed antibodies (antitoxins) into the body of a patient.
Question 18:
OR (B) The symptoms of malaria do not appear immediately after the entry of sporozoites into the human body when bitten by female Anopheles mosquito. Explain why it happens.
Question 19:
(a) How does a human body respond when vaccine is introduced into it? It is said that vaccinations are a must for a healthy society. Justify.
OR
(b) Humans have innate immunity for protection against pathogens that may enter the gut along with food. What are the two barriers in our body that protect it from such pathogens?
OR
(b) Humans have innate immunity for protection against pathogens that may enter the gut along with food. What are the two barriers in our body that protect it from such pathogens?
Question 20:
(a) Explain how the immunity of a person is affected if there is atrophy (degeneration) of the thymus gland at an early stage of life.
OR
(b) (i) What are interferons? Explain their role in providing immunity to a person.
(ii) Which category of innate immunity defence barrier can interferons be classified into ?
OR
(b) (i) What are interferons? Explain their role in providing immunity to a person.
(ii) Which category of innate immunity defence barrier can interferons be classified into ?
Question 21:
Study a part of life cycle of Plasmodium given below: [Diagram]. Answer the following questions:
(a) Name the infective stage of Plasmodium that is stored in the female Anopheles mosquito.
(b) Where does fertilization and development of parasite take place ?
(c) Identify labels P and Q in the given diagram.
(d) Asexual and sexual phase of the life cycle of the Plasmodium takes place in two different hosts. Write their names.
Question 22:
Samples of blood and urine of a sportsperson are collected before any sports event for drug tests.
(a) Why there is a need to conduct such tests ?
(b) Name the drugs the authorities usually look for.
(c) Write the generic names of two plants from which these drugs are obtained.
(a) Why there is a need to conduct such tests ?
(b) Name the drugs the authorities usually look for.
(c) Write the generic names of two plants from which these drugs are obtained.
Question 23:
A person is suffering from high grade fever. Which symptoms will help to identify if he/she is suffering from Typhoid, Pneumonia or Malaria ?
Question 24:
(A) Answer the following questions:
(i) State what do you understand by "MALT"? Where it is located inside our body?
(ii) Explain cytokine barriers.
(iii) Name the diagnostic test for AIDS. On what principle does it work?
(iv) Bone marrow and thymus play an important role in human immune system. Explain how are they able to achieve this.
Question 25:
Immunity in our body is of two types: (i) Innate immunity and (ii) acquired immunity. Innate immunity is a non-specific defence mechanism, whereas acquired immunity is pathogen-specific; it is called specific immunity too. Acquired immunity is characterised by memory. Antibodies are specific to antigens and there are different types of antibodies produced in our body they are IgA, IgE, IgG and IgM. It shows primary response when it encounters the pathogen for the first time and secondary response during the subsequent encounters with the same Antigen/Pathogen.
(a) Name the two types of specialised cells which carry out the primary and secondary immune response.
(b) Why is the antibody-mediated immunity also called as humoral immune response?
Attempt either sub-part (c) or (d) :
(c) The organ transplants are often rejected if not taken from suitable compatible persons.
(i) Mention the characteristic of our immune system that is responsible for the graft rejection.
(ii) Name the type of immune response and the cell involved in it.
OR
(d) How is active immunity different from passive immunity?
(a) Name the two types of specialised cells which carry out the primary and secondary immune response.
(b) Why is the antibody-mediated immunity also called as humoral immune response?
Attempt either sub-part (c) or (d) :
(c) The organ transplants are often rejected if not taken from suitable compatible persons.
(i) Mention the characteristic of our immune system that is responsible for the graft rejection.
(ii) Name the type of immune response and the cell involved in it.
OR
(d) How is active immunity different from passive immunity?
Question 26:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Prevention is the frontline response to drug use. Effective interventions address the underlying conditions contributing to drug use, such as a lack of connection to family or community, instability, insecurity, trauma, mental health issues, etc. When addressed, these factors can effectively prevent the initiation of drug use and the progression to drug use disorders. Study the few key figures of drug use given below and answer the questions that follow. [Table No. 1 and Table No. 2 with data on drug use disorders, people using drugs, and associated infections (HIV, Hepatitis C), and images (p) and (q) of plants are implied]
- (a) What do you infer from the figures in Table No. 1 about the people with drug use disorders, 2022 (in million)? State any two of your observations.
- (b) How are Hepatitis C and HIV related to drug use disorders by people, as shown in Table No. 2? State the correlation between the two.
- (c) (i) Give the scientific name of (p) shown in Table No. 1.
OR
(c) (ii) Give the scientific name of (q) shown in Table No. 1.
Question 27:
Deaths related to the use of drugs were estimated at about $5,00,000$ in $2019$, $17.5$ percent more than in $2009$. Liver diseases attributed to Hepatitis B are a major cause of drug-related deaths, according to UNODC, accounting for more than half of the total number of deaths attributed to the use of drugs. Drug overdoses account for a quarter of drug-related deaths.
Opioids contribute to account for the most severe drug-related harm, including fatal overdoses, when used non-medically. At the global level, two-third of direct drug-related deaths are due to opioids, and in some sub-regions the proportion can be as high as three-quarters of such deaths.
(a) Why are people taking opioids more prone to liver diseases attributed to Hepatitis B ?
(b) What is meant by direct drug-related disease?
(c) (i) What is the scientific name of the plant from which the opioids are derived and from which part of the plant is it extracted?
OR
(c) (ii) State two common warning signs of drug abuse among the youth.
Opioids contribute to account for the most severe drug-related harm, including fatal overdoses, when used non-medically. At the global level, two-third of direct drug-related deaths are due to opioids, and in some sub-regions the proportion can be as high as three-quarters of such deaths.
(a) Why are people taking opioids more prone to liver diseases attributed to Hepatitis B ?
(b) What is meant by direct drug-related disease?
(c) (i) What is the scientific name of the plant from which the opioids are derived and from which part of the plant is it extracted?
OR
(c) (ii) State two common warning signs of drug abuse among the youth.
Question 28:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow :
"Mosquitoes are drastically affecting the human health in almost all the developing tropical countries. Different species of mosquitoes cause very fatal diseases so much so that many humans loose their life and if they survive, are unable to put in productive hours to sustain their life. With the result the health index of the country goes down."
(a) Name the form in which Plasmodium gains entry into (i) human body (ii) the female Anopheles body.
(b) Why do the symptoms of malaria not appear in a person immediately after being bitten by an infected female Anopheles? Give one reason. Explain when and how do the symptoms of the disease would appear.
**OR**
(b) Explain the events which occur within a female Anopheles mosquito after it has sucked blood from a malaria patient.
(c) Name a species of mosquito other than female Anopheles and the disease, for which it carries the pathogen.
"Mosquitoes are drastically affecting the human health in almost all the developing tropical countries. Different species of mosquitoes cause very fatal diseases so much so that many humans loose their life and if they survive, are unable to put in productive hours to sustain their life. With the result the health index of the country goes down."
(a) Name the form in which Plasmodium gains entry into (i) human body (ii) the female Anopheles body.
(b) Why do the symptoms of malaria not appear in a person immediately after being bitten by an infected female Anopheles? Give one reason. Explain when and how do the symptoms of the disease would appear.
**OR**
(b) Explain the events which occur within a female Anopheles mosquito after it has sucked blood from a malaria patient.
(c) Name a species of mosquito other than female Anopheles and the disease, for which it carries the pathogen.